什麼是BIA-ALCL?
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma(ALCL)是種罕見的non-Hodgkin lymphoma(NHL),主要以T-淋巴球 (T-cells)異常增生與CD30 protein強烈表現為主。主要又可藉是否表現出anaplastic lymphoma kinase而細分為ALK-posive ALCL與ALK-negative ALCL兩大類。2BIA-ALCL發生的機轉是什麼?
由於個案數目相對罕見,所以目前確切的病理機制不明。
植入的義乳種類跟BIA-ALCL有關嗎?
文獻中最早發表的BIA-ALCL是1997年Keech與Creech的案例報告3,該患者使用的是鹽水袋義乳(雖然Cook跟Said更早發表與矽膠義乳相關的lymphoma,不過因未確定是BIA-ALCL所以被忽略4,5)。自此之後陸陸續續都有saline bag或silicone implant的個案報告出現。 隨著越來越多的case report與series,美國FDA也- There is a possible association between breast implants and ALCL.
- At this time, it is not possible to identify a specific type of implant associated with a lower or higher risk of ALCL.
- There is uncertainty about the true cause of ALCL in women with breast implants.
而Brody在2015年的分析報告也指出:鹽水袋或是矽膠義乳兩者對ALCL的發生並無差異,因美容隆乳或是因重建的而置放對ALCL的發生亦無差異(There was no preference for saline or silicone fill or for cosmetic or reconstructive indications.)6。
部分學者認為與粗糙面(textured,或稱絨毛面)植入物有相關,不過這個論點尚未有相關統計顯著差異實證。
BIA-ALCL發生機率高嗎?
由於個案數目不多,加上確切義乳植入的數量不明,所以無法有確切的發生機率。所以美國FDA從目前文獻回顧,所估計的發生機率由十萬分之一至三百萬分之一不等2,6,7(美國部分研究數據約五十萬分之一至百萬分之一到三,法國Institut National du Cancer則估計十萬分之一)。歐美及中東皆有個案,但目前台灣及鄰近東亞國家似乎還沒有案例報告。
BIA-ALCL要如何追蹤?有什麼檢驗工具?
如同一般乳癌篩檢,可利用超音波、電腦斷層、核磁共振及正子掃描之類工具進行初步檢測,不同的檢驗工具針對積液或腫塊的敏感度亦不同,須由醫師根據其症狀選擇適合的檢測(The sensitivity for detecting an effusion was 84, 55, 82, and 38%, and for detecting a mass was 46, 50, 50, and 64%, by US, CT, MRI, and PET, respectively.)8。
之前曾經接受義乳植入的美容或重建手術,需要馬上去檢查嗎?
依照目前美國FDA與ASPS的guideline,有接受矽膠義乳植入的病患,原本就建議術後每2-3年須接受MRI檢測。除非有出現不明原因之腫塊、水泡、持久不消之血清腫或積液等症狀須儘速就醫評估之外,無症狀者僅需定期追蹤即可。為什麼之前諮詢義乳隆乳或乳房重建的醫師都沒提到這個問題?
ALCL雖然自1997年就有案例報告,但是美國FDA直到2011年才確認其與植入物之間有相關性,非整形外科專科醫師也較少會知道或討論這個議題。聽起來有點可怕,該為此放棄手術嗎?
每種手術都有其相關的併發症與風險,相較於常見的併發症如莢膜攣縮、植入物破裂、感染,目前統計與估計之BIA-ALCL發生率極低Reference
- Clemens MW, Miranda RN, Butler CE. Breast Implant Informed Consent Should Include the Risk of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016; 137; 1117-1122
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) in women with breast implants: Preliminary FDA findings and analyses.
- Keech JA Jr, Creech BJ. Anaplastic T-cell lymphoma in proximity to a saline-filled breast implant. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;100:554–555
- Cook, P. D. , B. M. Osborne , R. L. Connor , and J. F. Strauss . Follicular lymphoma adjacent to foreign body granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis surrounding silicone breast prosthesis. Am J Surg Pathol 1995. 19:712–717
- Said, J. W. , T. Tasaka , and S. Takeuchi . et al. Primary effusion lymphoma in women: report of two cases of Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus-associated effusion-based lymphoma in human immunodeficiency virus-negative women. Blood 1996. 88:3124–3148
- Brody GS, Deapen D, Taylor CR, et al. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma occurring in women with breast implants: Analysis of 173 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;135:695–705
- Institut National du Cancer. Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament. Breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: Expert opinion
- Adrada BE, Miranda RN, Rauch GM, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: Sensitivity, specificity, and findings of imaging studies in 44 patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat (2014) 147:1–14
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